| Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm Freiherr von Lützow | |
|---|---|
| Born | May 18, 1782 Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | December 6, 1834 (aged 52) |
| Allegiance | Prussian |
| Rank | Lieutenant General |
| Unit | Prussian Army, Lützow Free Corps |
| Commands held | Lützow Free Corps |
Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm Freiherr von Lützow (May 18, 1782 – December 6, 1834) was a Prussian lieutenant general notable for his organization and command of a Lützow Freikorps of volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars. He came from the House of Mecklenburg, his father was a Prussian Major General Johann Adolph von Lützow (1748–1819), and his mother, Wilhelmine (née von Zastrow) (1754 to 1815).
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Lützow was born in Berlin. He first entered the Prussian Army in 1795, and eleven years later as a lieutenant took part in the disastrous battle of Auerstadt. He then achieved distinction in the siege of Kolberg, as the leader of a squadron of Schill's volunteers.
In 1808, as a major he retired from the Prussian army, indignant at the humiliating treaty of Tilsit. He took part in the heroic venture of his old chief Schill in 1809; wounded at Dodendorf and left behind, he thereby escaped the fate of his comrades, many of whom were either killed at the Battle of Stralsund (1809) or executed at Napoleon's command in the aftermath.
In 1811, he was restored to the Prussian army as major, and at the outbreak of the German War of Liberation received permission from Scharnhorst to organize a free corps consisting of infantry, cavalry and Tirolese marksmen, for attacking flanks or in guerilla fighting in the French rear and rallying the smaller governments into the ranks of the allies. From their uniform, they were known as the “Black Troopers” or “Black Riflemen.”
The valor of the Black Troop is commemorated in Theodor Körner's poem “Lützows wilde, verwegene Jagd” (Lützow's wild, daring hunt). As Lützow's adjutant, he met his death in battle. Among other notable members of the corps were Friedrich Froebel and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.
This corps played a marked part in the campaign of 1813. But Lützow was unable to coerce the minor states, and the wanderings of the corps had little military influence. At Kitzen (near Leipzig) the whole corps, warned too late of the armistice of Poischwitz, was caught on the French side of the line of demarcation, and, as a fighting force, annihilated. Lützow himself, wounded, cut his way out with the survivors, and immediately began reorganizing and recruiting.
In the second part of the campaign the corps he served in more regular warfare under Wallmoden. Lützow and his men distinguished themselves at Gadebusch (where Körner fell) and Göhrde (where Lützow himself, for the second time, received a severe wound at the head of the cavalry). Sent next against Denmark, and later employed at the siege of Jülich, Lützow in 1814 fell into the hands of the French.
After the peace of 1814 the corps was dissolved, the infantry becoming the 25th Regiment, the cavalry the 6th Ulans. At Ligny he led the 6th Ulans to the charge, but they were broken by the French cavalry, and he finally remained in the hands of the enemy, escaping, however, on the day of Waterloo. Made colonel in this year, his subsequent promotions were: major-general 1822, and lieutenant-general (on retirement) 1830.
One of the last acts of his life for which Lützow is remembered is his challenge (which was ignored) to Blücher, who had been ridden down in the rout of the 6th Ulans at Ligny, and had made, in his official report, comments thereon, which their colonel considered disparaging.
Several German warships including SMS Lützow of World War I, and the heavy cruiser Lützow (ex-Deutschland) of World War II, were named after him.
The 37th SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Lützow was also named after him.
Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title, translated as Baron, not a first or middle name. The female forms are Freifrau and Freiin. In Germany, however, since 1919 Freiherr is no title any more but part of the surname, thus following the given name(s) and not to be translated.